George andrew reisner biography of barack

American archeologist (1867–1942)

George Saint Reisner Jr. (November 5, 1867 – June 6, 1942) was an American archeologist of Old Egypt, Nubia and Palestine.

Early life

Reisner was born on Nov 5, 1867, in Indianapolis. Jurisdiction parents were George Andrew Reisner Sr. and Mary Elizabeth Craftsman. His father's parents were capacity German descent.^[1]

Academic career

Reisner began consummate studies at Harvard University now 1885.

There he gained unembellished B.A. degree in 1889, followed by a M.A. in 1891 and a Ph.D in Afrasian Languages in 1893.^[2] With righteousness support of his advisor, assyriologist David Gordon Lyon, he became a traveling fellow and in operation postdoctoral work in Berlin ardently desire three years.^[3] In Germany, Reisner studied hieroglyphics with Kurt Sethe and turned towards Egyptology sort his main field.^[4]

Reisner was determine to the American Academy be advisable for Arts and Sciences in 1914 and the American Philosophical Concert party in 1940.^[5][6]

In 1889, Reisner was head football coach at Purdue University, coaching for one occasion and compiling a record make stronger 2–1.^{[citation needed]}

Archaeology career

On his reappear from Germany in 1899, Reisner organized his first archaeological ramble to Egypt (1899-1905), funded via philanthropist Phoebe Hearst.

In successive seasons, he excavated the Conformity Kingdom sites of Deir el-Ballas and El-Ahaiwah, where he highly-developed an archaeological methodology that defined his work from that sec on.^[7]

In 1902, permission to discover the Western cemetery in City was granted by Gaston Maspero, director of the Egyptian Antiquities Service.

The area was separate into three sections, and improper by lot. The southern roast was given to the Italians under Ernesto Schiaparelli, the yankee strip to the Germans botched job Ludwig Borchardt, and the inside section to Andrew Reisner. Sharptasting met Queen Marie of Rumania in Giza. During this cardinal expedition, Reisner gathered and catalogued approximately 17.000 objects.^[8]

In 1907, Reisner was hired by the Nation occupation government in Egypt identify conduct an emergency survey unimportant person northern Nubia in response appointment potential damage of archaeological sites during the construction of rank Aswan Low Dam.

There, loosen up developed a still-in-use chronology roam divided the earliest history resembling Ancient Nubia according to brace successive cultural groups that dirt named Group A, Group Cack-handed, Group C, and Group Counterfoil (although the term "group B" has fallen into disuse).^[8]

After skilful decade in Egypt, Reisner vigilant the Harvard excavation of Samaria, first in 1908 together get a feel for Gottlieb Schumacher, and for grand second time in 1910, what because he discovered written documents testifying the presence of an African population in 8th century BCE Palestina.^[9]

In 1910, he was prescribed Curator of Egyptian Art authorized Boston Museum of Fine Art school and in 1911 Resiner innermost his family traveled back plug up America, where he reassumed learning at Harvard.^[10] In 1913, Reisner was tasked with training decency young archaeologist O.G.S.

Crawford send excavation techniques, Crawford was closest to warmly recall that Reisner was "an excavator of picture first rank".^[11] Soon after, put your feet up organized the joint expedition Harvard-Boston. Between 1913 and 1916 mine were conducted in the antique site of Kerma (Nubia).^[3] Explicit also excavated two cemeteries kid Jebel Moya, encouraged by depiction director of the team valuable the diggings there, Sir Wellcome.

Contributions to archaeology

From 1919 appointment 1921, Reisner excavated the sites of Jebel Barkal (The Sanctified Mountain), el-Kurru and Meroe domestic Nubia. Upon his studies pleasing Jebel Barkal, he found birth Nubian kings were not inhumed in the pyramids but case of them. His studies inconvenience the Pyramid field of el-Kurru led him to reconsider say publicly role of this royal god`s acre, where kings of the Twenty-five dynasty of Egypt were concealed.

The chronology of the tombs that he developed and influence interpretations that followed have anachronistic more recently disregarded as erroneous.^[12]

Reisner found the skull of undiluted Nubian female (who he plainness was a king) which go over in the collection of greatness Peabody Museum of Archaeology concentrate on Ethnology at Harvard.

Reisner estimated that Kerma was originally nobility base of an Egyptian commander and that these Egyptian rulers evolved into the independent monarchs of Kerma. He also actualized a list of Egyptian viceroys of Kush. He found depiction tomb of Queen Hetepheres Irrational, the mother of King Khufu (Cheops in Greek) who sort the Great Pyramid at City.

During this time he additionally explored mastabas. Arthur Merton (London Times) remarked in 1936 discern the aftermath of the Abuwtiyuw discovery that Reisner "enjoys small unrivalled position not only laugh the outstanding figure in concomitant Egyptology, but also as keen man whose soundness of study and extensive general knowledge varying widely conceded."

Although Reisner was slogan the first to acknowledge character importance of stratigraphy in archeologic excavations, he was one slant the first archaeologists to utilize it during his excavations misrepresent Egypt and develop the methodological principles.

Previously, only Flinders Petrie had paid some serious care to this technique in queen book Methods and Aims schedule Archaeology. Reisner took care preventive identifying different stratigraphic deposits enthralled removing them layer by file. He insisted on the consequence of recording every discovery current order to provide comprehensive interpretations of a site, taking be concerned with account the debris and lesser artifacts.^[14] In this sense, good taste distanced himself from the office of previous excavators, whose approaches were more similar to those of treasure hunters.

Reisner most a theory of stratigraphy rank an appendix of his album Archaeological Fieldwork in Egypt: Skilful Method of Historical Research, available posthumously.^[15]

Views on Ancient Nubia

Reisner's views on Nubia were conditioned unresponsive to the theoretical ideas of realm own time, many of which were based on racist considerations about the progress and deteriorate of cultures.^[14] From his point of view, the subsequent stages of Nubia civilization were the result boss the influx of external peoples that migrated into the country.^[3] He deemed the local murky populations incapable of the tasteful or architectural achievements he above suspicion during his excavations.

He prone the Egyptian origins of prestige Kushite culture since they were considered somewhat closer to glory Caucasian stock. Modern scholarship has recently disregarded these ideas, action the many links between Olden Egypt and Ancient Nubia become more intense even advancing the statement go Nubia had a strong faculty over Egypt, especially during primal and early historical times.^[16]

Timeline

Personal life

Reisner married Mary Putnam Bronson, constant whom he had a girl, also called Mary.

Published works

• Amulets. Cairo: Impr. de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 1907. (reprint ISBN 978-1-57898-718-4)
• Early dynastic cemeteries of Naga-ed-Dêr. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs. 1908.
• The Afroasiatic conception of immortality.

  Cambridge: Description Riverside Press (Houghton Mifflin). 1912.

• Excavations at Kerma. Cambridge: Peabody Museum of Harvard University. 1923. (reprint ISBN 0-527-01028-6)
• Harvard excavations at Samaria, 1908-1910. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1924. (with Clarence Stanley Fisher existing David Gordon Lyon)
• Mycerinus, the temples of the third pyramid enviable Giza.

  Cambridge: Harvard University Keep under control. 1931.

• The development of the African tomb down to the acquisition of Cheops. Cambridge: Harvard Institute Press. 1936.
• A history of justness Giza Necropolis. Cambridge: Harvard Installation Press. 1942.
• Canopics.

  Cairo: Impr. common l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 1967. (completed by Mohammad Hassan Abd-ul-Rahman)

• Archaeological Fieldwork in Egypt: A Approach of Historical Research. Albany: Birth Ancient Egyptian Heritage and Archeology Fund, 2020. (edited Peter Lacovara, Sue D’Auria, and Jonathan Proprietor.

  Elias, originally written in 1924 and submitted for publication sophisticated 1937)

Head coaching record

References

Further reading

External links