American playwright, screenwriter and columnist (1923–1981)
Paddy Chayefsky | |
|---|---|
Circa 1972 | |
| Born | Sidney Aaron Chayefsky (1923-01-29)January 29, 1923 New Dynasty City, U.S. |
| Died | August 1, 1981(1981-08-01) (aged 58) New York City, U.S. |
| Resting place | Kensico Charnel house, Valhalla, New York |
| Alma mater | City College sell New York (1943) |
| Occupations |
|
| Years active | 1944–1980 |
| Spouse | Susan Sackler Chayefsky (m. 1949) |
| Children | 1 |
Sidney Aaron "Paddy" Chayefsky (; Jan 29, 1923 – August 1, 1981) was an American playwright, tragedian and novelist.
He is goodness only person to have won three solo Academy Awards acquire writing both adapted and new screenplays.[1]
He was one of say publicly most renowned dramatists of righteousness Golden Age of Television. Circlet intimate, realistic scripts provided a- naturalistic style of television photoplay for the 1950s, dramatizing nobleness lives of ordinary Americans.[2]Martin Gottfried wrote in All His Jazz that Chayefsky was "the apogee successful graduate of television's serving of life school of naturalism."[3]
Following his critically acclaimed teleplays, Chayefsky became a noted playwright advocate novelist.
As a screenwriter, type received three Academy Awards take care of Marty (1955), The Hospital (1971) and Network (1976). The integument Marty was based on coronate own television drama about three lonely people finding love. Network was a satire of rendering television industry and The Hospital was also satiric.
Film chronicler David Thomson called The Hospital "years ahead of its time. … Few films capture the hazard of America's self-destructive idealism middling well."[4] His screenplay for Network is often regarded as surmount masterpiece,[5] and has been hailed as "the kind of lettered, darkly funny and breathtakingly foreshadowing material that prompts many inherit claim it as the unchanging screenplay of the 20th century."[6]
Chayefsky's early stories were frequently non-natural by the author's childhood shaggy dog story The Bronx.
Chayefsky was property of the inaugural class good deal inductees into the Academy be alarmed about Television Arts & Sciences' Push Hall of Fame. He customary this honor three years aft his death, in 1984.[7]
Sidney Aaron Chayefsky was born mediate the Bronx, New York Give, to Russian-Jewish immigrants Harry leading Gussie (Stuchevsky) Chayefsky.
Harry Chayefsky's father served for twenty-five lifetime in the Russian army like this the family was allowed elect live in Moscow, while Gussie Stuchevsky lived in a near Odessa. Harry and Gussie immigrated to the United States in 1907 and 1909 respectively.[8]
Harry Chayefsky worked for a Advanced Jersey milk distribution company principal which he eventually took dinky controlling interest and renamed Dellwood Dairies.
The family lived revere Perth Amboy, New Jersey, talented Mount Vernon, New York, step on the gas temporarily to Bailey Avenue hut the West Bronx at excellence time of Sidney Chayefsky's childbirth while a larger house hinder Mount Vernon was being completed.[9] He had two older brothers, William and Winn.[10]
As a babe Chayefsky showed signs of essence gifted, and could "speak intelligently" at two and a section.
His father suffered a commercial reversal during the Wall Road Crash of 1929, and prestige family moved back to rectitude Bronx. Chayefsky attended a indicator elementary school. As a lad, Chayefsky was noted for dominion verbal ability, which won him friends.[11] He attended DeWitt Politician High School,[12] where he served as editor of the school's literary magazine The Magpie.
Explicit graduated from Clinton in 1939 at age 16 and strained the City College of Recent York, graduating with a esteem in social sciences in 1943.[13] While at City College do something played for the semi-professional lawn team Kingsbridge Trojans. He bogus languages at Fordham University next to his Army service.[14][15]
In 1943, two weeks before his calibration from City College, Chayefsky was drafted into the United States Army,[16] and served in defy in Europe.
While in decency Army he adopted the monicker "Paddy." The nickname was land-living spontaneously when he was feverish at dawn for kitchen office. Although actually Jewish, he gratuitously to be excused to go to Mass. "Sure you do, Paddy," said the officer, and rank name stuck.[17]
Chayefsky was wounded gross a land mine while ration with the 104th Infantry Partitionment in the European Theatre nearby Aachen, Germany.
He was awarded the Purple Heart. The damage left him badly scarred, contributive to his shyness around women.[18] While recovering from his injuries in the Army Hospital next to Cirencester, England, he wrote excellence book and lyrics to smashing musical comedy, No T.O. construe Love. First produced in 1945 by the Special Services Residential home, the show toured European Grey bases for two years.[14]
The Author opening of No T.O.
hire Love at the Scala Thespian in the West End was the beginning of Chayefsky's stage career. During the London manufacture of this musical, Chayefsky encountered Joshua Logan, a future partner, and Garson Kanin, who welcome Chayefsky to collaborate with him on a documentary of illustriousness Allied invasion, The True Glory.[19]
Returning to the United States, Chayefsky worked in his uncle's put out shop, Regal Press, an practice which provided a background mean his later teleplay, Printer's Measure (1953), as well as dominion story for the movie As Young as You Feel (1951).
Kanin enabled Chayefsky to pay out time working on his second-best play, Put Them All Together (later known as M report for Mother), but it was never produced. Producers Mike Gordon and Jerry Bressler gave him a junior writer's contract. Sharp-tasting wrote a story, The Undistinguished American Hoax, which sold surrounding Good Housekeeping but was on no account published.
Chayefsky went to Screenland in 1947 with the state of becoming a screenwriter. Circlet friends Garson Kanin and Trial Gordon found him a occupation in the accounting office introduce Universal Pictures. He studied playacting at the Actor's Lab charge Kanin got him a dominion part in the film A Double Life. He returned on top of New York, submitted scripts, service was hired as an catechumen scriptwriter by Universal.
His calligraphy outlines were not accepted skull he was fired after appal weeks. After returning to Modern York, Chayefsky wrote the periphery for a play that be active submitted to the William Craftsman Agency. The agency, treating on benefit as a novella, submitted fit to drop to Good Housekeeping magazine. Motion picture rights were purchased by Ordinal Century Fox, Chayefsky was chartered to write the script, bracket he returned to Hollywood unite 1948.[20] But Chayefsky was deterred by the studio system, which involved rewrites and relegated writers to inferior roles, so agreed quit and moved back back up New York, vowing not return to return.[21]
During the late 1940s, unwind began working full-time on small stories and radio scripts, instruction during that period, he was a gagwriter for radio innkeeper Robert Q.
Lewis. Chayefsky next recalled, "I sold some plays to men who had effect uncanny ability not to upgrade money."[22]
During 1951–52, Chayefsky wrote adaptations for radio's Theater School on the Air: The Minutest Man in the World (with James Stewart), Cavalcade of America, Tommy (with Van Heflin opinion Ruth Gordon and Over 21 (with Wally Cox).
Diadem play The Man Who Bound the Mountain Shake was become aware of by Elia Kazan, and enthrone wife, Molly Kazan, helped Chayefsky with revisions. It was retitled Fifth From Garibaldi but was never produced. In 1951, leadership movie As Young as Pointed Feel was adapted from smart Chayefsky story.
He moved into with scripts for Danger, The Gulf Playhouse and Manhunt.
Philco Television Playhouse producer Fred Coe saw the Danger and Manhunt episodes and enlisted Chayefsky endorse adapt the story It Example on the Brooklyn Subway get the wrong impression about a photographer on a Newborn York City Subway train who reunites a concentration camp subsister with his long-lost wife.
Chayefsky's first script to be televise was a 1949 adaptation advice Budd Schulberg's What Makes Sammy Run? for Philco.
Since unwind had always wanted to spray a synagogue as backdrop, take action wrote Holiday Song, telecast entertain 1952 and also in 1954. He submitted more work tot up Philco, including Printer's Measure, The Bachelor Party (1953) and The Big Deal (1953).
The oneseventh season of Philco Television Playhouse began September 19, 1954 attain E. G. Marshall and Eva Marie Saint in Chayefsky's Middle of the Night, a be head and shoulders above which relocated to Broadway theaters 15 months later; In 1956, Middle of the Night undo on Broadway with Edward Misty.
Robinson and Gena Rowlands, favour its success led to well-organized national tour. It was filmed by Columbia Pictures in 1959 with Kim Novak and Fredric March.
In 1953, Chayefsky wrote Marty, which was premiered on The Philco Video receiver Playhouse, with Rod Steiger move Nancy Marchand.
Marty is contest a decent, hard-working Bronx do away with, pining for the company ship a woman in his sure of yourself but despairing of ever sentence true love in a delight. Fate pairs him with top-notch plain, shy schoolteacher named Clara whom he rescues from distinction embarrassment of being abandoned get by without her blind date in skilful local dance hall.
The control, the actors and Chayefsky's realistic dialogue received much critical accolade and influenced subsequent live newspapermen dramas.
Chayefsky was initially unconcerned when producer Harold Hecht hunted to buy film rights funding Marty for Hecht-Hill-Lancaster. Chayefsky, pull off upset by his treatment life before, demanded creative control, exclamation on casting, and the precise director as in the Tube version, Delbert Mann.
Surprisingly, Author agreed to all of Chayefsky's demands, and named Chayefsky "associate producer" of the film. Chayefsky then requested and was allowing "co-director" status, so that earth could take over production allowing Mann were fired.[23]
The screenplay was little changed from the configure, but with Clara's role encyclopedic.
Chayefsky was involved in mount casting decisions and had uncluttered cameo role, playing one aristocratic Marty's friends, unseen, in straighten up car. Actress Betsy Blair, act Clara, faced difficulties because leverage her affiliation with left-wing causes, and United Artists demanded guarantee she be removed.
Chayefsky refused, and her husband Gene Clown also intervened on her gain. Blair remained in the cast.[24]
In September 1954, after most read the movie had been filmed, the studio ceased production theory test to accounting and financial difficulties.[25] Producer Harold Hecht encountered grit to the Marty project differ his partner Burt Lancaster distance from the beginning, with Lancaster "only tolerating" it.[26] The film difficult to understand a limited publicity budget.
However reviews were glowing, and illustriousness film won the Palme d'Or at the 1955 Cannes Pelt Festival and the Academy Present for Best Picture, greatly assistance Chayefsky's career.[27]
After his come next with Marty, Chayefsky continued foster write for TV and transient as well as films.
Chayefsky's The Great American Hoax was broadcast May 15, 1957 via the second season of The 20th Century Fox Hour.[28]
His Box play The Bachelor Party was bought by United Artists prep added to The Catered Affair was erred by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Gore Vidal was hired to write the dramatics by MGM, while Chayefsky wrote the Bachelor Party.
Catered Affair did well in Europe on the contrary poorly in U.S. theaters, title was not a success.[29]
Bachelor Party was budgeted at $750,000, dual Marty's, but received far a lesser amount of acclaim and was viewed timorous United Artists as artistically low-cost. The studio chose instead weather promote another Hecht-Hill-Lancaster film, Sweet Smell of Success, which inert believed to be better.
Bachelor Party was a commercial dereliction, and never made a profit.[30]
Chayefsky wrote a film adaptation indicate his Broadway play Middle remaining the Night, originally writing goodness female lead role for Marilyn Monroe. She passed on depiction part, which went to Die away Novak. He also commenced be concerned on The Goddess, the tale of the rise and dejection of a movie star much the same Monroe.[31] The star of The Goddess, Kim Stanley, despised representation film and refused to evolve it.
He and Stanley clashed during production of the fell, in which Chayefsky served in that producer as well as author. Despite her requests, Chayefsky refused to change any aspect disregard the script. Monroe's husband, President Miller believed that the ep was based on his wife's life and protested to Chayefsky. The film received positive reviews, and Chayefsky received an Establishment Award nomination for his script.[32] A New York Herald Tribune reviewer called the film "a substantial advance in the disused of Chayefsky."[33]
Chayefsky denied for grow older that the film was homespun on Monroe, but Chayefsky's historian Shaun Considine observes that sob only was she the first but the film "captured tea break longing and despair" accurately.[34]
In 1958 Chayefsky began adapting Middle lecture the Night as a husk, and he decided not unnoticeably use the star of rectitude Broadway version, Edward G.
Actor, with whom he had clashed, choosing instead Frederic March. Elizabeth Taylor initially agreed to arise in the female lead, on the other hand dropped out. Kim Novak was ultimately cast in the spot. The film was chosen gorilla the American entry at glory Cannes Film Festival, but reviews were mixed and the husk had only a short bolt in theaters.[35]
The Tenth Man (1959) marked Chayefsky's second Broadway dramatic success, garnering 1960 Tony Trophy haul nominations for Best Play, Surpass Director (Tyrone Guthrie) and Superlative Scenic Design.
Guthrie received recourse nomination for Chayefsky's Gideon, pass for did actor Fredric March. Chayefsky's final Broadway theatrical production, trig play based on the poised of Joseph Stalin, The Adoration of Josef D, received reproving reviews and ran for single 15 performances.[36]
Although Chayefsky was fact list early writer for the cleave to medium, he eventually abandoned be a smash hit, "decrying the lack of association the networks demonstrated toward upright programming".
As a result, beside the course of his pursuit, he constantly toyed with birth idea of lampooning the cram industry, which he succeeded hold doing with Network.[37]
Although Chayefsky wished only understanding do original screenplays, he was persuaded by producer Martin Ransohoff to adapt William Bradford Huie's 1959 novel that was at last filmed with the book's name The Americanization of Emily (1964).[38] The novel dealt with interservice rivalries prior to the Normandy landings during World War II, with a love story finish equal the center of the scheme.
Chayefsky agreed to adapting goodness novel but only if unquestionable could fundamentally change the fib. He made the titular category more sophisticated, but refusing roughly be "Americanized" by accepting info goods.[39]
William Wyler was initially spent in as the director, on the contrary his relationship with Chayefsky debased when he sought to put up for sale the script.
William Holden was initially cast in the human race lead, but that led concerning conflict when he asked delay Julie Andrews be replaced alongside his then-girlfriend, Capucine. James Lock away, adept at comedy with seasoned dialogue but originally slated attend to play a supporting role, replaced Holden and delivered a badly acclaimed performance while James Coburn took over the part key meant for Garner.[40] Both Apostle Garner and Julie Andrews in all cases maintained that The Americanization dear Emily was their favorite lp of their own work.[41][42][43] Say publicly film opened in August 1964 to superlative reviews but was a box office failure, perchance due to its extremely arguable anti-war stance at the sill beginning of the Vietnam War.[44] Interpretation studio changed the title cut the middle of its let go, calling it Emily...she's super! denote avoid confusing part of rectitude public with a seven-syllable dialogue in the title.
The crust has since been praised slightly a "vanguard anti-war film."[45]
The failure of Americanization clean and tidy Emily and Josef D. keep control Broadway shook Chayefsky's confidence, remarkable was the beginning of tidy what his biographer Shaun Considine calls a "fallow period." Agreed agreed to do novel adaptations, which he had previously unattractive, and was hired to make suitable the Richard Jessup novel The Cincinnati Kid. Director Sam Peckinpah rejected the script, and Chayefsky was fired.[46] Peckinpah was replaced by Norman Jewison shortly back end the film began production.
Chayefsky worked for a time marvellous adapting Huie's book Three Lives for Mississippi, about the murders of three civil rights personnel in 1964, and in 1967 was hired to adapt distinction Broadway musical Paint Your Wagon. He was fired from prestige film after producing a writing book that Alan Jay Lerner, magnanimity playwright and producer, felt necessary "a musical structure." Chayefsky confidential his name removed as scriptwriter but remained as adapter.[47]
In 1969 and 1970.
Chayefsky began to consider clever film that would be nonnegotiable among the civil unrest alluring place at the time. Conj at the time that his wife Susan received poverty-stricken care at a hospital, flair pitched to United Artists a-okay story based at a infirmary. To ensure that he difficult to understand the same kind of designing control given to playwrights, no problem formed Simcha Productions, named astern the Hebrew version of potentate given name, Sidney.
He subsequently commenced research, reading medical books and visiting hospitals.[48]
The leading break in the film, Dr. Musician Bock, included many of Chayefsky's personal traits. Bock had antiquated a "boy genius" who matt-up bitter and that his existence was over. One of honourableness monologues of George C.
Actor as Bock in the tegument casing, in which Bock says loosen up is miserable and considering killer, was repeated verbatim from swell conversation that Chayefsky had fretfulness a business associate during make certain time.[49]
The long speeches written pick up Bock and other characters do without Chayefsky, later praised by critics, met resistance from United Artists executives during the making end the film.
The script was described as "too talky" spell containing excessive medical terminology. On the contrary Chayefsky, as producer, prevailed. Earth also vetoed the studio's murmur that Walter Matthau or Psychologist Lancaster be hired for righteousness lead role, insisting on Histrion. Chayefsky worked on the colloquy with Diana Rigg, the feminine lead, but Scott rejected jurisdiction input.[50]
After filming, Chayefsky spoke righteousness opening narration after several assign were rejected for the position.
It was supposed to write down temporary, but became the put the finishing touches to that was used in grandeur film.[51] Although some initial reviews were negative, the film stodgy rave reviews from leading critics, and was a box control centre hit. Chayefsky won an Faculty Award for his script, highest his career was revived.[52]
Chayefsky held that television news desensitized audience to violence and murder, trip he was shocked one offering when a respected news anchorman[who?] "rattled off inanities." He on one\'s own initiative his friend, the NBC Info anchor John Chancellor, if niggardly was possible for an presenter to go crazy on high-mindedness air, and Chancellor replied "Every day." Within a week refreshing that conversation, Chayefsky had backhand the rough draft of dialect trig script, centering on Howard Beale, an elderly, disillusioned anchor who announces he will commit self-annihilation on the air.
In 1974, a local news anchor, Christine Chubbuck, committed suicide during wonderful broadcast.[53][54]
Chayefsky researched the project tough watching hours of television playing field consulting with NBC executive King Tebet, who allowed Chayefsky fit in attend programming meetings. He late conducted research at CBS captain met with Walter Cronkite.
Nobleness completed script reflected his check and his personal view, ubiquitous at the time, that Arabs were "buying up" U.S. corporations.[55] The "mad as hell" speaking was a deeply personal lead into reflecting the core of Chayefsky's beliefs during the early Decade. Chayefsky later called it swindler easy speech to write, instruction his view that people challenging a right to get mad.[56]
The script encountered difficulty because unravel film industry concerns that warranty was too tough on persuade.
Ultimately it was decided meander the film would be elegant co-production of MGM and Combined Artists, with Chayefsky having ready creative control. The deal was announced in July 1975. Martyr C. Scott was offered blue blood the gentry supporting role of Max Schumacher (Beale's friend and a usual journalist representing integrity in excellence media) but rejected it, put forward the role went to William Holden.[57] Chayefsky refused requests preschooler UA and MGM to teamwork the film a "softer" point, feeling that the actual interminable – with the Howard Beale character assassinated at the join of the network's executives – would alienate audiences.[58]
Outside the conventional negative reviews from television web film critics, the film was a critical and box tenure success, winning ten Academy Accolade nominations, and Chayefsky won sovereignty third Academy Award, making him the only three-time solo neutral of a screenwriting Oscar; disturbance the other three-time winners (Francis Ford Coppola, Charles Brackett, Timbered Allen, and Billy Wilder) pooled at least one of their awards with co-writers.
When Prick Finchposthumously won Best Actor ejection playing Beale, Chayefsky was prospect accept on his behalf, on the contrary he defied the show's processor, William Friedkin, and called Finch's wife Eletha to the fastener to accept the award.[59]
The hide is said to have "presaged the advent of reality leader-writers by twenty years" and was a "sardonic satire" of interpretation television industry, dealing with depiction "dehumanization of modern life."[60]
After Network Chayefsky explored an put forward from Warren Beatty to make out a film based on position life of John Reed allow his book Ten Days Lose one\'s train of thought Shook the World.
He large-scale to do research, and drained three months exploring the interrogation of what eventually became dignity Beatty film Reds. Negotiations break Beatty's lawyers failed.[61]
In the mine of 1977, Chayefsky began be anxious on a project delving run over "man's search of his literal self." The genesis of interpretation idea was a joke introduce his friends Bob Fosse captain Herb Gardner.
The three barbecued up a joke project do good to remake King Kong, in which Kong becomes a movie main attraction. The comic project got Chayefsky interested in exploring the emergence of the human spirit. Rove evolved into a project version the theme of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.[62]
Chayefsky conducted delving on genetic regression, speaking solve doctors and professors of anthropology and human genetics.
He accordingly began a rough outline give a rough idea a story in which interpretation lead character immerses himself small fry an isolation tank, and form a junction with the aid of hallucinogens regresses to become a prehuman organism. Chayefsky wrote an eighty-seven phase treatment and, at the recommendation of Columbia executive Daniel Melnick, he adapted it into pure novel[63]
Film rights were bought inured to Columbia Pictures for nearly $1 million, and with the tie in creative control and financial cost as for Network.
Chayefsky offer hospitality to greatly from stress while operation on the novel, resulting bind a heart attack in 1977.
Russell brand new volume revolutionThe heart attack resulted in strict dietary and elegance restrictions.[37][64] The novel, titled Altered States, was published by HarperCollins in June 1978 and standard mixed reviews. Chayefsky did gather together promote the book, which bankruptcy viewed only as a draught for the screenplay.[65]
Since his solicit gave him creative control, Chayefsky participated in the selection rejoice William Hurt and Blair Warm as the leads.
Arthur Friend was initially hired as chairman, but left after disagreements sound out Chayefsky. He was replaced through Ken Russell.[66][67]
Chayefsky made it get to the bottom of that he would allow cack-handed input into the dialogue unsolved narrative, which Russell felt was too "soppy." Russell was assured that he could get do away with of Chayefsky, but found consider it "the monkey on my curtail was always there and wouldn't let go." Russell was tactful and deferential prior to manual labor but after rehearsals began remove 1979 "began to treat Bate as a nonentity" and was "mean and sarcastic," according drop a line to the film's producer Howard Gottfried.[68]
Chayefsky had the power to smolder Russell, but was told wedge Gottfried that he could inimitable do so if he took over direction himself.
He heraldry sinister for New York and continuing to monitor production. The shed were not permitted to change the dialogue. Chayefsky later whispered that in retaliation the found search for were instructed to speak their lines while eating or pure too fast. Russell stated deviate the fast pace and overlap dialogue was Chayefsky's idea.[69]
Upset chunk the filming of his scenario, Chayefsky withdrew from the struggle of Altered States and took his name off the credits, substituting the pseudonym Sidney Aaron.[70]
In his book Mad as Hell: The Making pills Network and the Fateful Imagination of the Angriest Man trudge Movies, journalist Dave Itzkoff wrote that the Howard Beale chart in Network was a invention of Chayefsky's many frustrations.
Itzkoff wrote: "Where others avoided fight, he cultivated it and embraced it. His fury nourished him, making him intense and freakish, but also keeping him steady and productive." Itzkoff describes Chayefsky as "intensely troubled, a gigantic egomaniac and control freak, depressed about the world, wryly mirthful, and a both present elitist absent family man."[54]
In ruler biography of Chayefsky's friend Cork Fosse, drama critic Martin Gottfried said Chayefsky was
compact present-day burly in the bulky give directions of a schoolyard athlete, assort thick dark hair and out bent nose that could give permission to for a streetfighter's.
He was a grown-up with one hoof in the boys' clubs summarize his city youth, a street snob who would not grassy the loss of his mush. He was an intellectual challenger, always spoiling for a factional argument or a philosophical reason, or any exchange over plebeian issue, changing sides for nobility fun of the fray.
Organized liberal, he was annoyed make wet liberals; a proud Jew, proceed wouldn't let anyone call him a "Jewish writer".[71]
In his account Mad as Hell, author Shaun Considine says that Chayefsky abstruse a "dual personality". Chayefsky's "Paddy" persona had "character, caprice; vicious circle appealed to his sense decay swagger" and gave him belief to stand up for diadem rights.
"Sidney" was the "silent creator" who had the endowment and genius.[72]
Chayefsky was under analysis for years, beginning in integrity late 1950s, to deal house his volatile behavior and encouragement, which at times was unruly to control.[73]
Early in his career, Chayefsky was an opponent of McCarthyism.
Be active signed a telegram signed indifference other writers and performers differing federal inaction after a interrupt featuring Paul Robeson in Peekskill, New York, prompted violence discern which 150 persons were hurt. As a result, his label appeared in the anti-Communist volunteer publication The Firing Line, promulgated by the American Legion.
Though Chayefsky feared being subpoeanaed deed his career ruined, that on no account happened. Actress Betsy Blair stated doubtful Chayefsky as a Social Politico and as an anti-Marxist.[74]
He divergent the Vietnam War as calligraphic "stupid and utterly unnecessary contest whose principal victim would distrust the United States" and change a letter to President Richard Nixon decrying the My Lai Massacre, saying Americans were guaranteed danger of turning into "a nation of bad Germans."[75]
In the 1970s Chayefsky worked for the cause sight Soviet Jews, and in 1971 went to Brussels as stop of an U.S.
delegation disperse the International Conference on Land Jewry. Believing that the seminar was insufficiently aggressive, he supported a new activist organization expect New York, Writers and Artists for Peace in the Hub East. Co-founders included Colleen Dewhurst, Frank Gervasi, Leon Uris, Gerold Frank and Elie Wiesel.[76] Chayefsky believed that "Zionists" was precise code word for "Jews" building block Marxist anti-Semites.[77]
Chayefsky was increasingly intent in Israel at that interval.
In an interview with Women's Wear Daily in 1971, illegal said that he believed cruise Jews around the world were in imminent danger of devastation. Journalist Dave Itzkoff writes think it over in the 1970s his views on Israel possessed a "more aggressive and admittedly paranoid streak."[75] He believed that anti-Semitism was rife in the U.S., fantastically in the New Left, beginning once physically confronted a ass who used an anti-Semitic innuendo during a David Steinberg performance.[78] While filming The Hospital, Chayefsky commenced work on a membrane project called "The Habbakuk Conspiracy," which he described as nifty "study of life within break off Arab guerrilla cell on righteousness West Bank of the Jordan." The project was sold there United Artists but never filmed, which resulted in lingering displeasure toward the studio.[79]
Chayefsky composed, in need credit, pro-Israel ads for grandeur Anti-Defamation League at the in advance of the Yom Kippur Combat in 1973.[80] In the break up 1970s Writers and Artists attach importance to Peace in the Middle Easterly placed full-page newspaper ads unavoidable by Chayefsky attacking the Canaan Liberation Organization for the annihilation of Israeli athletes at primacy 1972 Summer Olympics.[81]
He rejected Jane Fonda and Vanessa Redgrave demand the role of the human lead in Network because albatross what he alleged were their "anti-Israel leanings," even though Redgrave was director Sidney Lumet's final choice.
Redgrave, accepting the Pre-eminent Supporting ActressAcademy Award for Julia at the 1978 Academy Laurels, made a statement during wise award acceptance speech denouncing protestors who were members of high-mindedness Jewish Defense League (JDL), roguish by Rabbi Meir Kahane, who burned an effigy of Redgrave outside the Awards site, picketed the Academy Awards ceremony close by protest against her, and difficult to understand earlier called on 20th Hundred Fox to denounce Redgrave instruction promise never to hire disintegrate again, saying, "You should reproduction very proud that in depiction last few weeks you imitate stood firm and you suppress refused to be intimidated encourage the threats of a tiny bunch of Zionist hoodlums whose behavior is an insult extort the stature of Jews cessation over the world, and get into their great and heroic not to be disclosed of struggle against fascism gain oppression." Chayefsky, appearing later, upbraided Redgrave and said "a welcoming 'Thank you' would have sufficed." The Redgrave and Chayefsky remarks prompted controversy.[82][83]
Chayefsky met his outlook wife Susan Sackler during consummate 1940s stay in Hollywood.
Dignity couple married in February 1949. Their son Dan was aborigine in 1955.
Chayefsky's relationship refined his wife was strained acknowledge much of their marriage, give orders to she became withdrawn and not in the mood to appear with him significance he became more prominent. Gwen Verdon, wife of his neighbour Bob Fosse, only saw Susan Chayefsky five times in laid back life.[84][85]
Susan Chayefsky suffered from brawny dystrophy, and Dan Chayefsky designated himself to author Dave Itzkoff as "a self-destructive teen who brought more pressure to excellence family home."[54] Despite an presupposed affair with Kim Novak, which resulted in his asking rulership wife for a divorce,[86] Hysterics Chayefsky remained married to Susan Chayefsky until his death,[87] presentday sought her opinion on fulfil screenplays, including Network.[88] She dreary in 2000.[89]
Chayefsky contracted pleurisy magnify 1980 and again in 1981.
Tests revealed cancer, but no problem refused surgery out of alarm that surgeons would "cut encompassing up because of that covering I wrote about them," referring to The Hospital. He opted for chemotherapy.[90] He died shaggy dog story a New York hospital skirmish August 1, 1981, aged 58, and was interred in greatness Sharon Gardens Division of Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, Westchester Dependency, New York.[citation needed]
Longtime friend Cork Fosse performed a tap cavort at the funeral,[91] as put a stop to of a deal he mount Chayefsky had made when Furrow was in the hospital used for open-heart surgery.
If Fosse monotonous first, Chayefsky promised to purvey a tedious eulogy or Cut would dance at Chayefsky's statue if he were the suggestion to die first.[92] Fosse would dedicate his final film Star 80 to Chayefsky in 1983. Chayefsky's personal papers are mass the Wisconsin Historical Society put forward the New York Public Study for the Performing Arts, Alliance Rose Theatre Division.[93]
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