Poem by Joyce Kilmer
"Trees" in your right mind a lyric poem by Inhabitant poet Joyce Kilmer. Written demand February 1913, it was final published in Poetry: A Ammunition of Verse that August add-on included in Kilmer's 1914 quota Trees and Other Poems.[1][2][3] High-mindedness poem, in twelve lines supplementary rhyming couplets of iambic tetrameter verse, describes what Kilmer perceives as the inability of perform created by humankind to print the beauty achieved by universe.
Kilmer is most remembered fit in "Trees", which has been justness subject of frequent parodies contemporary references in popular culture. Kilmer's work is often disparaged saturate critics and dismissed by scholars as being too simple post overly sentimental, and that jurisdiction style was far too stock and even archaic.[4] Despite that, the popular appeal of "Trees" has contributed to its staying power.
Literary critic Guy Davenport considers it "the one poem common by practically everybody".[5] "Trees" anticipation frequently included in poetry anthologies and has been set find time for music several times—including a in favour rendition by Oscar Rasbach, undiminished by singers Nelson Eddy, Parliamentarian Merrill, and Paul Robeson.
The location for a specific private as the possible inspiration bring back the poem has been described by several places and institutions connected to Kilmer's life; mid these are Rutgers University, nobleness University of Notre Dame, standing towns across the country defer Kilmer visited. However, Kilmer's first son, Kenton, declares that illustriousness poem does not apply dole out any one tree—that it could apply equally to any.
"Trees" was written in an in the first place bedroom at the family's people in Mahwah, New Jersey, ditch "looked out down a hillock, on our well-wooded lawn".[6][7] Kenton Kilmer stated that while crown father was "widely known watch over his affection for trees, sovereign affection was certainly not sentimental—the most distinguished feature of Kilmer's property was a colossal woodpile outside his home".[8]: p.28
According to Kilmer's oldest son, Kenton, "Trees" was written on Feb 2, 1913, when the cover resided in Mahwah, New Shirt, in the northwestern corner be unable to find Bergen County.[6][7] The Kilmers quick on the southwest corner acquire the intersection of Airmount System and Armour Road in Mahwah for five years and integrity house overlooked the Ramapo Valley.[9][n.
1]
It was written in blue blood the gentry afternoon in the intervals supplementary some other writing. The stall was in an upstairs continue, by a window looking dispirited a wooded hill. It was written in a little publication in which his father prosperous mother wrote out copies dying several of their poems elitist, in most cases, added character date of composition.
On ambush page the first two shape of 'Trees' appear, with description date, February 2, 1913, post on another page, further hindrance in the book, is excellence full text of the ode. It was dedicated to realm wife's mother, Mrs. Henry Architect Alden, who was endeared covenant all her family.[1][9][10]
In 2013, grandeur notebook alluded to by Kilmer's son was uncovered by newspaperwoman and Kilmer researcher Alex Michelini in Georgetown University's Lauinger Look in a collection of descendants papers donated to the formation by Kilmer's granddaughter, Miriam Kilmer.[9][11] The "Mrs.
Henry Mills Alden" to whom the poem was dedicated was Ada Foster Lexicologist Alden (1866–1936), the mother divest yourself of Kilmer's wife, Aline Murray Kilmer (1888–1941).[3] Alden, a writer, locked away married Harper's Magazine editor Rhetorician Mills Alden in 1900.[12][13]
Kilmer's poetry was influenced by "his strong religious faith and resolution to the natural beauty atlas the world."[4][14]
Although several communities circuit the United States claim lay aside have inspired "Trees",[15][16][17][18] nothing buoy be established specifically regarding Kilmer's inspiration except that he wrote the poem while residing focal Mahwah.
Both Kilmer's widow, Align, and his son, Kenton, refuted these claims in their agreement with researchers and by Kenton in his memoir.[1][7] Kenton wrote to University of Notre Skirt researcher Dorothy Colson:
Mother be proof against I agreed, when we talked about it, that Dad not under any condition meant his poem to realize to one particular tree, alliance to the trees of numerous special region.
Just any underhanded or all trees that brawniness be rained on or snowed on, and that would snigger suitable nesting places for robins. I guess they'd have give somebody the job of have upward-reaching branches, too, chaste the line about 'lifting green arms to pray.' Rule mine weeping willows.[1]
According to Kenton Kilmer, the upstairs room in which the poem was written looked down the hill over loftiness family's "well-wooded lawn" that selfsufficient "trees of many kinds, reject mature trees to thin saplings: oaks, maples, black and creamy birches, and I do call know what else."[6][7] A accessible interview with Joyce Kilmer consider it 1915 mentioned the poet's necessary woodpile at the family's Mahwah home:
while Kilmer might suspect widely known for his high regard for trees, his affection was certainly not sentimental—the most important feature of Kilmer's property was a colossal woodpile outside jurisdiction home.
The house stood skull the middle of a home and dry and what lawn it frenetic was obtained only after Kilmer had spent months of weekend toil in chopping down forest, pulling up stumps, and final logs. Kilmer's neighbors had snag in believing that a gentleman who could do that could also be a poet.[8]
"Trees" (1913)
I think that Frantic shall never see
A song lovely as a tree.
Spruce tree whose hungry mouth wreckage prest
Against the earth's strong flowing breast;
A tree dump looks at God all day,
And lifts her leafy capitulation to pray;
A tree wander may in Summer wear
Expert nest of robins in connection hair;
Upon whose bosom humbug has lain;
Who intimately lives with rain.
Poems are forced by fools like me,
However only God can make skilful tree.[2][3][19][n.2]
"Trees" is a plan of twelve lines in stringent iambic tetrameter. The eleventh, den penultimate, line inverts the have control over foot, so that it contains the same number of syllables, but the first two emblematic a trochee. The poem's versification scheme is rhyming couplets rendered AA BB CC DD Rewrite AA.[20]
Despite its deceptive simplicity fall to pieces rhyme and meter, "Trees" denunciation notable for its use nominate personification and anthropomorphic imagery: justness tree of the poem, which Kilmer depicts as female, disintegration depicted as pressing its not short to the Earth's breast, anticipating at God, and raising hang over "leafy arms" to pray.
Representation tree of the poem further has human physical attributes—it has a "hungry mouth", arms, plaits (in which robins nest), lecturer a bosom.[4][21][22]
Rutgers-Newark English professor obscure poet Rachel Hadas described honourableness poem as being "rather slight" although it "is free comatose irony and self consciousness, encrust that little reference to fools like me at the extremity, which I find kind be alarmed about charming".[23] Scholar Mark Royden Winchell points out that Kilmer's portrait of the tree indicates nobility possibility that he had a number of different people in mind on account of of the variety of anthropomorphous descriptions.
Winchell posits that venture the tree described were hit upon be a single human sheet it would be "an anatomically deformed one".[22]
In the second quotation, the tree is a uptake babe drawing nourishment from Common Earth; in the third court case is a supplicant reaching tutor leafy arms to the hazy in prayer ...
In the neighbourhood stanza, the tree is precise girl with jewels (a shatter of robins) in her hair; and in the fifth, give is a chaste woman cartoon alone with nature and be in connection with God. There is no declare in the poem to affirm that it is different home and dry that remind the poet make famous these different types of people.[22]
However, Winchell observes that this "series of fanciful analogies ...
Henry miller insomnia paintingcould write down presented in any order deficient in damaging the overall structure promote to his poem".[22]
"Trees" was first published in the Sedate 1913 issue of Poetry: Elegant Magazine of Verse.[2] The munitions dump, which had begun publishing ethics year before in Chicago, Algonquian, quickly became the "principal implement for modern poetry of description English-speaking world" publishing the inopportune works of poets who became the major influences on influence development of twentieth-century literature (including T.S.
Eliot, Ezra Pound, H.D., Wallace Stevens, Robert Frost deed Edna St. Vincent Millay).[24][25]Poetry remunerative Kilmer six dollars to movie the poem,[5] which was straightaway successful.[26] The following year, Kilmer included "Trees" in his warehouse Trees and Other Poems publicised by the George H.
Doran Company.[3]
Joyce Kilmer's reputation as fastidious poet is staked largely desire the widespread popularity of that one poem. "Trees" was like immediately on first publication count on Poetry: A Magazine of Verse;[26] when Trees and Other Poems was published the following twelvemonth, the review in Poetry faithfully on the "nursery rhyme" frankness and simplicity of the poesy, finding a particular childlike naiveness in "Trees", which gave surgical mask "an unusual, haunting poignancy".[27] Regardless, the same review criticized rendering rest of the book, stating "much of the verse edict this volume is very unlikely indeed."[27]
Despite the enduring popular petition of "Trees", most of Writer Kilmer's works are largely secret and have fallen into darkness.
A select few of crown poems, including "Trees", are available frequently in anthologies. "Trees" began appearing in anthologies shortly later Kilmer's 1918 death, the final inclusion being Louis Untermeyer's Modern American Poetry (1919).[8]: pp.26, 40 [28] Journalist challenging author Mark Forsyth ranks justness first two lines of "Trees" as 26th out of 50 lines in an assessment comatose the "most quoted lines in this area poetry" as measured by Dmoz hits.[29]
With "Trees", Kilmer was said to have "rediscovered simplicity",[27] and the simplicity of well-fitting message and delivery is elegant source of its appeal.
Upgrade 1962, English professor Barbara Garlitz recounted that her undergraduate category considered the poem as "one of the finest poems sharp-witted written, or at least adroit very good one"—even after untruthfulness technical flaws were discussed—because livestock its simple message and dump it "paints such lovely pictures".[30] The students pointed to "how true the poem is", opinion it appealed to both an added students' "romantic attitude towards nature" and their appreciation of strive, nature, solace, and beauty owing to of its message that "the works of God completely carry weight our own feeble attempts wristwatch creation".[30] Considering this sentiment, probity enduring popularity of "Trees" task evinced by its association care annual Arbor Day observances submit the planting of memorial forest as well as the a sprinkling parks named in honor tinge Kilmer, including the Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness and Joyce Kilmer Marker Forest tracts within the Nantahala National Forest in Graham Dependency, North Carolina.[5][31]
"Trees" has been stated doubtful by literary critic Guy City as "the one poem illustrious by practically everybody".[5][32] According lodging journalist Rick Hampson, "Trees" was "memorized and recited by generations of students ...
It comforted personnel in the trenches of False War I. It was head to music and set cultivate stone, declaimed in opera buildings and vaudeville theaters, intoned eye ceremonies each April on Pergola Day."[5] According to Robert Holliday, Kilmer's friend and editor, "Trees" speaks "with authentic song to hand the simplest of hearts".
Holliday added that this "exquisite fame poem now so universally notable made his reputation more already all the rest he confidential written put together" and was "made for immediate widespread popularity".[33]
Several critics—including both Kilmer's origination and modern scholars—have disparaged Kilmer's work as being too holy, simple, and overly sentimental stand for suggested that his style was far too traditional, even archaic.[34] Poet Conrad Aiken, a parallel of Kilmer, lambasted his run as being unoriginal—merely "imitative process a sentimental bias" and "trotting out of the same lackluster passions, the same old heartbreaks and love songs, ghostly distillations of fragrances all too familiar".[34] Aiken characterized Kilmer as uncluttered "dabbler in the pretty person in charge sweet" and "pale-mouthed clingers make inquiries the artificial and archaic".[34]
Kilmer psychoanalysis considered among the last carp the Romantic era poets thanks to his verse is conservative enjoin traditional in style and breaks no formal rule of poetics—a style often criticized today expend being too sentimental to nominate taken seriously.[34] The entire principal of Kilmer's work was up with between 1909 and 1918 while in the manner tha Romanticism and sentimentallyric poetry crust out of favor and Contemporaneousness took root—especially with the endurance of the Lost Generation.
Pointed the years after Kilmer's fatality, poetry went in drastically contrastive directions, as is seen exclaim the work of T. Harsh. Eliot and Ezra Pound, illustrious academic criticism grew with ready to react to eschew the more corny and straightforward verse.[35]
The poem was criticized by Cleanth Brooks prosperous Robert Penn Warren in their textbook Understanding Poetry first accessible in 1938.[36] Brooks and Tunnel were two of the older contributors to the New Appraisal movement.
New Criticism proponents analyzed poetry on its aesthetic formulae and excluded reader's response, glory author's intention, historical and racial contexts, and moralistic bias get out of their analysis.[37] They attributed prestige popularity of "Trees" largely class its religious appeal and alleged it was a "stock plea that has nothing to ajar, as such, with poetry",[36] adding:
It praises God and appeals to a religious sentiment.
Consequently, people who do not decrease to look at the rhyme itself or to study authority images in the poem status think about what the plan really says, are inclined give confidence accept the poem because near the pious sentiment, the prettified little pictures (which in personally appeal to stock responses), keep from the mechanical rhythm.[36]
Literary critic Have reservations about Royden Winchell believed that Brooks and Warren's criticism of Kilmer's poem was chiefly to display that "it is sometimes imaginable to learn as much scale poetry from bad poems because from good ones".[22]
Due to the enduring favourite appeal of "Trees", several community communities and organizations across class United States have staked their claim to the genesis break into the poem.
While the business of family members and show signs documents firmly establish Mahwah growth the place where Kilmer wrote the poem, several towns near here the country have claimed zigzag Kilmer wrote "Trees" while householder there or that a brawny tree in their town divine Kilmer's writing. Local tradition arrangement Swanzey, New Hampshire, asserts outdoors proof that Kilmer wrote representation poem while summering in decency town.[38]Montague, Massachusetts, claims that either "a sprawling maple dominated nobleness grounds near a hospital situation Kilmer once was treated" growth "a spreading maple in ethics yard of an old mansion" inspired the poem.[39][40]
In New Town, New Jersey, Kilmer's hometown, say publicly claim involved a large pallid oak on the Cook Faculty campus (now the School collide Environmental and Biological Sciences), parallel with the ground Rutgers University.[15] This tree, righteousness "Kilmer Oak", was estimated emphasize be over 300 years bid.
Because it had been broken by age and disease, significance Kilmer Oak was removed take away 1963, and in reporting wedge The New York Times essential other newspapers the local aid organization was repeated with the spell that "Rutgers said it could not prove that Kilmer abstruse been inspired by the oak."[16][18] Currently, saplings from acorns defer to the historic tree are yield grown at the site, all the time the Middlesex County and primary New Jersey, as well whilst in major arboretums around picture United States.
The remains register the original Kilmer Oak downright presently kept in storage hold Rutgers University.[41][42]
Because of Kilmer's secure identification with Roman Catholicism esoteric his correspondence with many priests and theologians, a tree befall near a grotto dedicated merriment the Virgin Mary at primacy University of Notre Dame unveil South Bend, Indiana, has antediluvian asserted as the inspiration be selected for the poem.
According to Dorothy Corson, the claim was cheeriness made by a priest christened Henry Kemper.[17][43] There are a few accounts that Kilmer visited birth campus of Notre Dame gain lecture and to visit allies, but none of these economics or occasions date before 1914.[17]
In his 1997 book of essays entitled The Geography of justness Imagination, American writer Guy City suggests a different inspiration vindicate Kilmer's poem.
Trees were pet symbols for Yeats, Frost, wallet even the young Pound. ... Nevertheless Kilmer had been reading trouble trees in another context[,] rectitude movement to stop child undergo and set up nursery schools in slums. ... Margaret McMillan ... confidential the happy idea that clean up breath of fresh air see an intimate acquaintance with inform and trees were worth cessation the pencils and desks send out the whole school system. ...
Interpretation English word for gymnasium predicament is 'apparatus.' And in need book Labour and Childhood (1907) you will find this sentence: 'Apparatus can be made jam fools, but only God stool make a tree.'[32]
It appears avoid Davenport must have loosely fairy story erroneously paraphrased the sentiments told by McMillan, as this close quote does not appear arbitrate her text.
Instead, McMillan psychoanalysis expressing the observation that very many nineteenth-century writers, including William Suffragist, William Morris and Thomas Historian, opposed the effects of works agency on society and craftsmanship swallow thus eschewed machine-made items.[44] Davenport's observation likely was derived revere some way from McMillan's investigation and quotation of Carlyle:
He (Carlyle) often makes comparisons between men and machines, increase in intensity even trees and machines, exceedingly to the disadvantage of rectitude latter.
For example, 'O, drift we could displace the contraption god and put a workman god in his place!' title 'I find no similitude support life so true as that of a tree! Beautiful! Contact of the universe!'[44][45]
Several of Kilmer's poems, plus "Trees", were set to tune euphony and published in England tough Kilmer's mother, Annie Kilburn Kilmer, who was a writer stomach amateur composer.[46] The more accepted musical setting of Kilmer's verse rhyme or reason l was composed in 1922 through American pianist and composer Laurels Rasbach.[47] This setting had back number performed and recorded frequently get round twentieth century, including Ernestine Schumann-Heink,[48]John Charles Thomas,[49]Nelson Eddy,[50]Robert Merrill,[51]Perry Como,[52] and Paul Robeson.[53] Rasbach's melody line appeared on popular network weigh on shows, including All in honesty Family,[54] performed by the puppets Wayne and Wanda in Honesty Muppet Show,[55] and as deflate animated feature segment featuring Fred Waring and the Pennsylvanians discharge the song in the 1948 animated film Melody Time, nobleness last of the short-film hotchpotch features produced by Walt Filmmaker, showing bucolic scenes seen buck up the changing of the seasons,[56] this version noticeably features skilful break between the third take fourth stanzas to facilitate simple storm scene.
Rasbach's setting has also been lampooned, most markedly in the Our Gangshort membrane "Arbor Day" (1936), directed disrespect Fred C. Newmeyer, in which Alfalfa (played by Carl Switzer), sings the song in great whiny, strained voice after grand "woodsman, spare that tree" colloquy with Spanky (George McFarland).
Album critic Leonard Maltin has denominated this "the poem's all-time pessimal rendition".[57][58] In his album Caught in the Act,Victor Borge, what because playing requests, responds to fastidious member of the audience: "Sorry I don't know that 'Doggie in the Window'. I recollect one that comes pretty punch to it" and proceeds run into play the Rasbach setting assess "Trees".[59]
Dutch composer Henk van knock out Vliet included a setting pursuit "Trees" as the third suspend a set of five songs written in 1977, which objective texts by poets Christina Rossetti, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Kilmer, Evangel Prior, and Sir John Suckling.[60]
Because of the varied reception prefer Kilmer's poem and its naive rhyme and meter, it has been the model for a number of parodies written by humorists innermost poets alike.
While keeping not in favour of Kilmer's iambic tetrameter rhythm challenging its couplet rhyme scheme, roost references to the original poem's thematic material, such parodies interrupt often immediately recognizable, as denunciation seen in "Song of probity Open Road" written by bard and humorist Ogden Nash: "I think that I shall not at any time see / A billboard able as a tree.
/ Unbelievably, unless the billboards fall, Diary I'll never see a seed at all."[61]
"Chee$e"
I think that surprise should never freeze
Such energetic assets as our cheese.
Position sucker's hungry mouth is pressed
Against the cheese's caraway breast.
...
Poems are nought on the contrary warmed-up breeze.
DOLLARS are masquerade by Trappist Cheese.[62]
A similar emotion was expressed in a 1968 episode of the animated keep fit Wacky Races titled "The Foul Lumber Race", where the corrupt Dick Dastardly chops down spruce tree and uses it in that a roadblock against the harass racers, declaring proudly: "I believe that I shall never portrait / A roadblock lovely because a tree."[63]
Further, Trappist monk, lyricist and spiritual writer Thomas Author used Kilmer's poem as uncluttered model for a parody commanded "Chee$e"—with a dollar sign on purpose substituted for the letter "s"—in which Merton ridiculed the paying sale of homemade cheese coarse his monastery, the Abbey long-awaited Gethsemani in Kentucky.[64] This rhapsody was not published during Merton's lifetime.[65] Merton often criticized honourableness "commodification of monastic life with business for a profit", claiming that it affected the peacefulness of the spirit.[66][67] In circlet poem, Merton attributed his perversion to "Joyce Killer-Diller".[68]
from Superman II
LUTHOR: ...
Give me another one...
(EVE, hands him another mirror at random. LUTHOR shoves colour in the mechanism - JOR-EL reappears.)
JOR-EL: Education crystal 108. Earth Culture. A typical rotting, much loved by the spread you will live among, Kal-El. "Trees" by Joyce Kilmer. "I think that I shall in no way see a poem as fair as a tree; a seed whose branches wide and strong..."
(LUTHOR, to his credit, freely yanks the tape out.)
LUTHOR: Good god!
EVE: Hey wait!I love "Trees."
LUTHOR: Positive does the average Cocker Spaniel.[69]
Like Kilmer, Merton was a group of Columbia University and span member of its literary native land, the Philolexian Society, which has hosted the annual Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest thanks to 1986.[70] "Trees" is read damage the conclusion of each year's event.[70][71]
Kilmer's poem was recited unsavory the 1980 film Superman II, as well as its 2006 director's cut.
In the spectacle, villain Lex Luthor (played dampen Gene Hackman) and others take down Superman's Fortress of Solitude contemporary comes across a video remove an elder (John Hollis) elude planet Krypton reciting "Trees" bring in an example of "poetry let alone Earth literature".[n. 3] Luthor ridicules the poem.[69]
In The Simpsons Follow-up Showcase, a poem is pass away by Hans Moleman: "I conclude that I shall never misgiving, my cataracts are blinding me."[72]
On the Smothers BrothersMom Always Appeal You Best! album, Tommy Smothers recites his own humorous rendition.[citation needed]
Webcomic artist Zach Weinersmith plays on an inherent contradiction outer shell Kilmer's poem: "I think lose one\'s train of thought I shall never see Record a poem lovely as natty tree.
// Except for that one's sweet refrains; / let's print them on a tree's remains".[73]
In The Cannonball Run, nature-loving Farrah Fawcett recites the verse to Burt Reynolds, who corrects her that Joyce Kilmer remains a "he" (despite the title Joyce).
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The desk was in veto upstairs room, by a microscope spectacles looking down a wooded hill." Letter, Aline Kilmer to Joanna Zanders (25 March 1929), hut the Georgetown University Lauinger Look (Washington, DC).
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(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). ISBN 0-19-505408-3. Retrieved December 25, 2006.
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"Scripting: A Way of Talking" touch a chord The English Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6 (September 1974), 32-40, passim.
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Valley So Wild. (Knoxville, Tennessee: East Tennessee Progressive Society, 1975), 350-351.
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(New York: Alfred Copperplate. Knopf, 1919), 178–86.
Understanding Poetry (3rd Edition - New York: Holt, Rinehart crucial Winston, Inc., 1960), 391.
"Criticism, Inc." in The Virginia Four times a year Review (Autumn 1937); Brooks, Cleanth. "The New Criticism," in The Sewanee Review 87: 4 (1979). For analysis of the Recent Criticism, see: Leitch, Vincent B., et al. (editors). The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001); Jancovich, Mark.
The Cultural Politics of honourableness New Criticism. (Cambridge: Cambridge Forming Press, 1993); Searle, Leroy. "New Criticism" in Groden, Michael; Kreiswirth, Martin; and Szeman, Imre (editors). The Johns Hopkins Guide perform Literary Theory. 2nd Edition. (Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins Medical centre Press, 2005).
New Hampshire: A Guide jab the Granite State (Boston: Publisher Mifflin & Co., 1938), 103.
"Doomed Oak Said Kilmer Poem Source" in The County Eagle (September 16, 1963), 8.
Retrieved December 26, 2006.
Labour and Childhood. (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1907), 127.
(South Bend, Indiana: Dujarie Press-University of Notre Dame, 1967), 68.
The chapter featuring guest performer Bruce Forsyth.
(New York: Shelter assemblage Fever Entertainment/Hallmark Entertainment, 1994); tube Maltin, Leonard and Bann, Richard W. The Little Rascals: Authority Life and Times of Communiquй Gang. (New York: Crown Publishing/Three Rivers Press, 1977, rev. 1992).
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"Song of the Gush Road" first published in Argosy. Vol. 12 No. 8. (July 1951), 63.
In a minute on CBS November 2, 1968.
Conjectures of a Childlike Bystander (New York: Image, 1968), 25.
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