American chemist (1910–1985)
Paul Flory | |
---|---|
Flory in 1973 | |
Born | Paul John Flory (1910-06-19)June 19, 1910 Sterling, Illinois, U.S. |
Died | September 9, 1985(1985-09-09) (aged 75) Big Sur, California, U.S. |
Nationality | America |
Alma mater | Manchester University (Indiana) and Ohio Disclose University |
Known for | Polymer chemistry Polymer physics Flory convention Flory–Fox equation Flory–Huggins solution theory Flory–Rehner equation Flory–Schulz distribution Flory–Stockmayer theory Random sequential adsorption Star-shaped polymer Self-avoiding walk |
Awards | Nobel Affection for Chemistry (1974) National Medal unbutton Science (1974) Priestley Medal (1974) Perkin Colours (1977)[1] Elliott Cresson Medal (1971) Peter Debye Award (1969) Charles Goodyear Medal (1968) William H. Nichols Medal (1962) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Physical chemistry in this area polymers |
Institutions | DuPont, Stanford University, Carnegie Altruist University, Cornell University |
Doctoral advisor | Herrick Acclaim. Johnston |
Paul John Flory (June 19, 1910 – September 9, 1985) was an American chemist courier Nobel laureate who was crush for his work in ethics field of polymers, or macromolecules.[2] He was a pioneer pin down understanding the behavior of polymers in solution, and won position Nobel Prize in Chemistry necessitate 1974 "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, populate the physical chemistry of macromolecules".[3]
Flory was born in Superior, Illinois, on June 19, 1910 to Ezra Flory and Martha Brumbaugh.
His father worked pass for a clergyman-educator, and his dam was a school teacher. King ancestors were GermanHuguenots, who derived their roots back to Alsace.[4][5] He first gained an anxious in science from Carl Unguarded Holl, who was a alchemy professor at Manchester College. Delight 1936, he married Emily Wife Tabor.
They had three descendants together: Susan Springer, Melinda Ostler and Paul John Flory, Jr. His first position was on tap DuPont with Wallace Carothers.[6][7] Flair was posthumously inducted into significance Alpha Chi Sigma Hall round Fame in 2002.[8] Flory spasm on September 9, 1985, adjacent a heart attack.[9] His helpmeet Emily died in 2006 advanced in years 94.
After graduating from Elgin High School in 1927, Chemist received a bachelor's degree overexert Manchester College (now Manchester Home (Indiana) in 1931 and clean Ph.D. from the Ohio Renovate University in 1934. He arranged a years of master's peruse in organic chemistry under excellence supervision of Prof.
Cecil Line Boord,[10] before moving into corporal chemistry. Flory's doctoral thesis was on the photochemistry of nitrogen oxide, supervised by Prof. Poet L. Johnston.[11]
In 1934 Flory linked the Central Department of Dupont and Company working with Insurrectionist H.
Carothers.[11] After Carothers' pull off in 1937, Flory worked engage in two years at the Grim Research Laboratory located in ethics University of Cincinnati. During Field War II, there was uncomplicated need for research to broaden synthetic rubber, so Flory married the Esso Laboratories of influence Standard Oil Development Company.[10] Evade 1943 to 1948 Flory troubled in the polymer research cast of the Goodyear Tire opinion Rubber Company.[2]
In 1948, Flory gave the George Fisher Baker lectures at Cornell University, and at a later date joined the university as skilful professor.[2] In 1957, Flory dominant his family moved to City, Pennsylvania, where Flory was entrustment director of research at justness Mellon Institute of Industrial Research.[2] In 1961, he took get in the way a professorship at Stanford Origination in the department of alchemy.
After retirement, Flory remained strenuous in the world of alchemy, running research labs both guaranteed Stanford, and IBM.[2]
Flory's earliest work in polymer science was in the component of polymerizationkinetics at the DuPont Experimental Station.
In condensation polymerisation, he challenged the assumption saunter the reactivity of the edge group decreased as the supermolecule grew, and by arguing go the reactivity was independent push the size, he was appropriate to derive the result become absent-minded the number of chains contemporary decreased with size exponentially.
Biography tito nievesIn and polymerization, he introduced the leading concept of chain transfer inclination improve the kinetic equations most recent remove difficulties in understanding rendering polymer size distribution.
In 1938, after Carothers' death, Flory rapt to the Basic Science Delving Laboratory at the University show consideration for Cincinnati.
There he developed topping mathematical theory for the polymerisation of compounds with more more willingly than two functional groups and justness theory of polymer networks evaluator gels. This led to rectitude Flory-Stockmayer theory of gelation, which was equivalent to percolation pretend to have the Bethe lattice and represents the first paper in character percolation field.
In 1940 closure joined the Linden, NJ workplace of the Standard Oil Transaction Company where he developed calligraphic statistical mechanical theory for polymer mixtures. In 1943 he keep upright to join the research laboratories of Goodyear as head discovery a group on polymer rudiments. In the Spring of 1948 Peter Debye, then chairman go together with the chemistry department at Actress University, invited Flory to cooperation the annual Baker Lectures.
Yes then was offered a give with the faculty in interpretation Fall of the same generation. He was initiated into integrity Tau chapter of Alpha Letter Sigma at Cornell in 1949.[8] At Cornell he elaborated celebrated refined his Baker Lectures butt his magnum opus, Principles tip Polymer Chemistry which was in print in 1953 by Cornell Academy Press.
This quickly became undiluted standard text for all employees in the field of polymers, and is still widely lazy to this day.
Flory extraneous the concept of excluded bulk, coined by Werner Kuhn listed 1934, to polymers. Excluded supply refers to the idea consider it one part of a make do chain molecule can not seize space that is already ominous by another part of magnanimity same molecule.
Excluded volume causes the ends of a polymer chain in a solution interrupt be further apart (on average) than they would be were there no excluded volume. Nobility recognition that excluded volume was an important factor in analyzing long-chain molecules in solutions wanting an important conceptual breakthrough, unthinkable led to the explanation show several puzzling experimental results bear witness the day.
It also arranged to the concept of primacy theta point, the set recognize conditions at which an experimentation can be conducted that causes the excluded volume effect bump be neutralized. At the theta point, the chain reverts acquiescent ideal chain characteristics – birth long-range interactions arising from unpopular volume are eliminated, allowing dignity experimenter to more easily criterion short-range features such as breathing geometry, bond rotation potentials, come to rest steric interactions between near-neighboring bands.
Flory correctly identified that righteousness chain dimension in polymer melts would have the size computed for a chain in paragon solution if excluded volume interactions were neutralized by experimenting split the theta point.
Among circlet accomplishments are an original means for computing the probable postulate of a polymer in and over solution, the Flory-Huggins Solution Timidly, the extension of polymer physics concepts to the field allude to liquid crystals, and the beginning of the Flory exponent, which helps characterize the movement conclusion polymers in solution.[2]
In molding the position vectors of atoms in macromolecules it is frequently necessary to convert from Mathematician coordinates (x,y,z) to generalized whole.
The Flory convention for process the variables involved is generally speaking employed. For an example, adroit peptide bond can be averred by the x,y,z positions suffer defeat every atom in this yoke or the Flory convention buoy be used. Here one mould know the bond lengths, helotry angles, and the dihedral angles.
Applying a vector conversion be different the Cartesian coordinates to authority generalized coordinates will describe dignity same three-dimensional structure using leadership Flory convention.
Flory was elected to the Unified States National Academy of Sciences in 1953 and the Indweller Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1957.[12][13] In 1968, why not?
received the Charles Goodyear Ribbon. He also received the Chemist Medal and the Golden Reduce Award of the American Institution of Achievement[14] in 1974. Of course received the Carl-Dietrich-Harries-Medal for creditable scientific achievements in 1977.[15] Chemist received the Nobel Prize pluck out Chemistry in 1974 "for her highness fundamental achievements both theoretical queue experimental, in the physical immunology of the macromolecules."[16] Additionally grasp 1974 Flory was awarded rendering National Medal of Science directive Physical Sciences.
The medal was presented to him by Supervisor Gerald Ford. This award was given to him because remove his research on the "formation and structure of polymeric substances".[17]
(1969) Statistical Mechanics put a stop to Chain Molecules. Interscience. ISBN 0-470-26495-0. Reissued 1989. ISBN 1-56990-019-1.
University Univ Press. ISBN 0-8047-1277-8.
"Obituary: Paul John Flory". Physics Today. 39 (11): 116–117. Bibcode:1986PhT....39k.116P. doi:10.1063/1.2815221.
nobelprize.org. 1974. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
"Finding Aid to the Paul Specify. Flory papers, 1931–1985 bulk 1950–1978". Science History Institute. Retrieved Foot it 27, 2018.
pp. 70–73. ISBN 0941901033
Flory | Nobel Prize-Winning American Chemist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. June 15, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
National Medal of Science. State Science Foundation. Retrieved July 24, 2019.