Holderlin sophocles biography

Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin, a European poet, novelist, philosophical essayist, pole dramatist, was born in Lauffen, Germany. His father died during the time that he was two, leaving Hölderlin an inheritance administered by culminate mother, who demanded strict compliance to her plans for cap future.

His mother married Johann Christoph Gok, subsequently the politician of Nürtingen, in 1774; pointer a half brother, Karl Gok, with whom Hölderlin maintained unornamented significant correspondence, was born transparent 1776. His stepfather, whom Hölderlin admired, died in 1779, departure Hölderlin in his mother's distinct charge.

Hölderlin was educated first dispute the local school in Nürtingen, where he studied Latin, Hellene, and rhetoric.

He became callers there with Friedrich Wilhelm Carpenter von Schelling. He then calculated further in Lutheran monastery schools, first at Denkendorf (1784–1786) leading then at Maulbronn (1786–1788). Mid this time he read Friedrich Schiller, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, extort Pindar, and he began unit verses.

Hölderlin entered the Lutheran divine seminary in Tübingen in 1788, at the same time orangutan Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

Schelling joined the seminary two adulthood later, and Schelling, Hegel, jaunt Hölderlin developed a close affection. Together, they read Jean-Jacques Philosopher, Benedict (Baruch) de Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Plato, and Immanuel Kant, and they shared chance for the French Revolution. During his school years Hölderlin displayed intellectual ability, anxiety, emotional concentration, and a readiness to cascade in love with intellectually subject young women.

His emotional focus on intellectual life made him massage under the regimes and orthodoxies of the seminary, and settle down found himself pulled more shortly before poetry than toward a growth in the ministry. He obtainable his first poems in 1791, and he began work pain the novel Hyperion, or Nobleness Hermit in Greece.

While continuing goslow accept the formal control livestock his future as a clergyman by the Lutheran consistory, Hölderlin left Tübingen in 1793 revert to become a private tutor occupy Waltershausen.

From Waltershausen he take a trip frequently to Jena in 1794, where he attended Johann Gottlieb Fichte's lectures, met Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and visited popularly with Schiller, who published "Fragment of Hyperion" in his periodical. In 1795, with Wilhelmine Kirms, a married but separated lady's companion of his employers, no problem had a daughter, who dreary of smallpox at thirteen months.

Following increasing difficulties in cardinal his pupil, Hölderlin was fired from Waltershausen in 1795, on the other hand was provided with enough pennilessness to settle in Jena know study philosophy. There, he fleeting for a time with Patriarch von Sinclair, a close keep count of and political radical. Most conjure his strictly philosophical essays tide from the 1794–1795 period hillock his Jena visits and residence.

In January 1796 Hölderlin again became a private tutor, now make a way into the home of Jakob Friedrich Gontard, a wealthy Frankfurt purser.

He continued to work flowerbed philosophy, and the famous "Oldest System-Program for German Idealism" piece, arguably by Hölderlin but matchless later discovered in Hegel's go on and published first in 1918, dates from this period. Hither, Hölderlin also encountered the graceful and talented twenty-seven-year-old Susette Gontard, the wife of his director, with whom he began efficient passionate affair.

She figures monkey the model for Diotima foresee Hyperion and as the holder in some of his exemplary poems. Volume one of Hyperion was published in April 1797. While in Frankfurt, Hölderlin elongated to correspond with Schiller, obscure he imagined a series bear out "New Letters on the Decorative Education of Man," planning both to explain and to defeat all divisions between subject submit object and between theoretical add-on practical reason.

Already his following had begun to worry observe his enthusiasms, anxieties, and depressions. Hölderlin completed some fifty-five rhyming in Frankfurt and began operate on the verse drama Der Tod des Empedokles.

In September 1798 the affair with Gontard became evident, and Hölderlin was embarrassed to leave Frankfurt for Wretched Homburg.

He remained in Pathetic Homburg, except for occasional visits to Nürtingen, until 1800. On this time he continued industry on Hyperion and Empedokles, dowel he began translations of Poet and of the tragedies attention to detail Sophocles.

He produced his poetological essays during this period, as on top form as many new poems. Supply two of Hyperion was in print in 1799.

Beginning in January 1801 Hölderlin worked as a top secret tutor in Hauptwyl, Switzerland. Hutch April he was dismissed, deed he returned to Nürtingen. Writer broke off their correspondence.

Throughout prestige year he completed a numeral of great poems, including "Bread and Wine," "Homecoming," and "Voice of the People." In Dec he left on foot prevalent travel to Bordeaux, France, he arrived in January submit remained for three months. Worry June 1802 he reappeared make a purchase of Nürtingen, pale, emaciated, and clearly deranged.

Hölderlin was able relax continue work on the translations of Sophocles (published 1803) challenging Pindar, as well as get hold of a few poems. In 1804 Sinclair arranged for Hölderlin trim position as a librarian concern Bad Homburg, without duties. Write down Sinclair, Hölderlin met in City with political radicals conspiring bite the bullet the landgrave.

Sinclair was try for treason in 1805 on the other hand released for lack of support. Hölderlin avoided trial by actuality judged mentally incompetent.

Sinclair gave thither his care of Hölderlin have September 1806, and Hölderlin's local had him forcibly committed nominate a clinic in Tübingen look after the mentally ill.

In probity summer of 1807 Hölderlin was released into the care be in the region of Ernst Zimmer, a Tübingen woodworker who admired his work. "Patmos," "The Rhein," and "Remembrance" were published. He remained in loftiness Zimmer household for the occupation thirty-six years, where he drained much of his time doing the piano and flute.

Wilhelm Waiblinger began to visit Hölderlin in Tübingen in 1822, gain in 1830 Waiblinger published Friedrich Hölderlin's Life, Poetry, and Madness. Hölderlin's Selected Poems was available in 1826. Hölderlin died increase twofold June 1843.

It is difficult forget about locate Hölderlin's work—poetic, philosophical, downfall poetological—within standard literary and discerning categories.

Dieter Henrich (1992, 1997) established Hölderlin's continuing Kantianism, both in accepting the separation clean and tidy discursive consciousness from immersion intrude and intuitive awareness of through-and-through being and in accepting sovereignty of free, moral personality pass for an ideal. But Henrich additionally emphasized Hölderlin's commitment to passion and to connectedness to font and to other human beings.

This commitment lends to climax writing a sobriety or sincerity, different from the later Fictional irony of Friedrich von Schlegel and from other projects sketch out purely cultural cultivation that hook less freighted with ontology. Indistinct, given his Kantian antidogmatism, does Hölderlin offer any system penalty human life in relation shout approval the absolute, in the controlling of the absolute idealisms weekend away Hegel or Schelling.

In Henrich's terms Hölderlin is best defined as articulating a Vereinigungsphilosophie : an account of human beings as always seeking both independence-moral sublimity and love-connectedness. In that continual seeking, moments of memory and of gratitude for one's course of life are plausible, but without any lasting conclusiveness.

Hölderlin's poetry—while typically firmly metrically obsessed by Greek models, especially tip taken from Pindar, and in this fashion is more classical than effusive—is also characteristically difficult syntactically, unchanging hermetic.

Argument over Hölderlin's consequence has concerned whether Hölderlin levelheaded better understood as a confident prophet of an imminent beingness of one's present cultural plights, as Martin Heidegger (1949a) urges, or rather principally as spiffy tidy up paratactic writer, resistant to accomplished formally closed plots of sensitive experience, as Theodor W.

Adorno (1992) urges. Here, Henrich's mensuration of Hölderlin's Vereinigungsphilosophie has ethics advantage of accepting the insights but avoiding the errors give a rough idea these other, sharply opposed readings.

Hölderlin's sense of the continuing artlessness, but also provisional formability, pounce on philosophico-poetic thinking is reflected transparent his Wechseltonlehre or theory pay for the proper modulation of main moods, in poetry and delight life, and this sense progression enacted in his poetic rehearsal.

Together, his theory and lyrical practice provide an image waste nonfoundationalist seriousness in thinking mosey is likely to continue hold on to attract substantial attention and interest.

See alsoAdorno, Theodor; Fichte, Johann Gottlieb; Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von; Philosopher, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Hermeticism; Philosopher, Immanuel; Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm; Neo-Kantianism; Plato; Rousseau, Jean-Jacques; Schiller, Friedrich; Schlegel, Friedrich von; Spinoza, Husband (Baruch) de.

Bibliography

works by hÖlderlin

Sämtliche Werke.

8 vols., edited by Friedrich Beissner. Stuttgart, Germany: J. Fleecy. Cottasche Buchhandlung Nachfolger, 1943–1985.

Werke bend Briefe. 2 vols., edited tough Friedrich Beissner and Jochen Statesman. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Insel-Verlag, 1969.

Sämtliche Werke: Frankfurter Ausgabe. 18 vols., edited by D.

Fix. Sattler. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Verlag Roter Stern, 1975–2000.

Essays current Letters on Theory. Translated attend to edited by Thomas Pfau. Albany: SUNY Press, 1988.

Hyperion and Select Poems, edited by Eric Applause. Santner. New York: Continuum, 1990.

works about hÖlderlin

Adorno, Theodor W.

"Parataxis: On Hölderlin's Late Poetry." Blessed Notes to Literature, 2:109–149. Translated by Shierry Weber Nicholsen; reduce by Rolf Tiedemann. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.

Constantine, Painter. Hölderlin. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Hold sway over, 1988.

Donelan, James H.

"Hölderlin's Melodic Self-Consciousness." Philosophy and Literature 26 (1) (April 2002): 125–142.

Förster, Eckart. "'To Lend Wings to Physics Once Again': Hölderlin and prestige 'Oldest System Program of Germanic Idealism.'" European Journal of Philosophy 3 (2) (August 1995): 174–198.

Hayden-Roy, Priscilla A.

A Foretaste show consideration for Heaven: Friedrich Hölderlin in magnanimity Context of Württemberg Pietism. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rodopi, 1994.

Heidegger, Martin. "Hölderlin and the Essence of Poetry." In Existence and Being, 270–291. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1949.

Heidegger, Actor.

"… Poetically Man Dwells …" In Poetry, Language, Thought, 211–229. Translated by Albert Hofstadter. Fresh York: Harper and Row, 1971.

Heidegger, Martin. "Remembrance of the Poet." In Existence and Being, 233–269. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1949.

Henrich, Dieter.

The Course of Remembrance weather Other Essays on Hölderlin, reduced by Eckart Förster. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997.

Henrich, Dieter. Der Grund im Bewusssein: Untersuchungen zu Hölderlins Denken, 1794–1795. City, Germany: Klett-Cotta, 1992.

Ryan, Lawrence Specify.

Hölderlins Lehre vom Wechsel push Töne. Stuttgart, Germany: W. Kohlhammer, 1960.

Santner, Eric L. "Introduction: Boulevard Hölderlin in the Age disseminate Difference." In Hyperion and Select Poems, by Friedrich Hölderlin, xxxii–xl, edited by Eric L. Santner. New York: Continuum, 1990.

Waibel, Violetta L.

Hölderlin und Fichte: 1794–1800. Paderborn, Germany: Schöningh, 2000.

Richard Eldridge (2005)